Written Reports
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation depends on the differences in the molecular interaction of compounds between two phases; stationary and mobile. Column chromatography is used for the separation and purification of liquids and solids. It is also separated based on their stationary and mobile phase.
The purpose of using TLC was to find out what exactly was in Excedrin and Aleve. By spotting the different compounds we are able to clearly see what compounds were included in each by looking under the UV.
The goal of the is experiment was to synthesize an ester from an alcohol and carboxylic acid. We had to determine the unknown ester by looking at the IR and NMR, TLC plate, and yield calculations.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the unknown concentration of BSA via generating a standard curve from standard concentration of BSA via serial dilution. Learning how to do direct and serial dilution was a key factor. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a globular protein, that is commonly used because of its stability and interference with biological reactions. Bradford reagent is a chromogenic reagent used to determine the concentrations of proteins that are in solutions. The standard curve was used to help determine the concentration of the unknown given. Beer-lambert law is the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species. We hypothesized using the Beer-lambert law will allow for determination of the unknown concentration of BSA.
Analysis Paper
Manuscript
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease that progresses severe disability. It affects the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves in eyes (3). MS occurs when the immune system attacks the myelin, which will damage nerves. Scientists know axonal injury is a feature of multiple sclerosis and it correlates to inflammation in relapsing multiple sclerosis. However, they do not know if it reflects different neuropathological mechanisms. They hypothesized early focal inflammation could be the pivotal event from which all else follows. This hypothesis suggests that this disease has two stages, early and late phase.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is found in most organisms and plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism. It catalyzes lactate to pyruvate, and NADH to NAD+ by anaerobic respiration. The goal of this experiment is to determine LDH activity from chicken. To determine the LDH activity by protein extraction, chromatography, and a BCA assay. Crude extraction was used to isolate the protein, by the removal of cellular debris from when the cell lysis by centrifugation. Chromatography included desalting and affinity chromatography. Desalting is the removal of excess salt from the protein by using a centrifugal force. Affinity chromatography is a fast purification step resulting in small fractions of proteins binding to the resin. Using a BCA assay, I was able to determine the LDH activity using a Michaelis-Menten curve.
Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a bacterial infection or anti-microbial depletion caused by an unknown disturbance of the normal vaginal flora. We will investigate the occurrence and how to minimize the reoccurrence of BV by conducting a study of two populations of women: African American and Caucasian. Through strenuous research, the correlation has been prevalent that bacterial vaginosis is associated with the positive, increased risk of pre-term birth rates, in addition to the development of STDs.
Laws of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel discovered the Laws of Inheritance exploring why children resemble their parents. Mendel's laws consist of three different principles: the law of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. All three of these laws explore the process of meiosis. Meiosis is the process when one cell divides twice to have an outcome of four cells. The laws of inheritance explain why children will always have similar features as their parents.
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Today there are over 43,000 species of spiders. Araneae is classified into two different suborders, mesothelae and opisthothelae. Mesothelae are spiders who are extinct. Opisthothelae is divided further into Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae. Mygalomorphae consists of spiders like tarantulas. Araneomorphae are extant spiders, mainly seen in the United States. These are more common spiders that we see daily. There are two types of widow spiders, brown and black. The females are mainly known to be the black widows. The southern black widow phylum in Arthropoda, its class is Arachnida, and species is Latrodectus mactans.